Science & technology | Growing transfusable blood cells

Blood cells made in a lab have been infused into people

The result will be a boon for patients with rare blood types

Red blood cells, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The main function of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is to distribute oxygen to body tissues, and to carry waste carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Each mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus and the interior is packed with haemoglobin, a red iron-containing pigment that has an oxygen-carrying capacity. Red blood cells are biconcave, giving them a large surface area for gas exchange, and highly elastic, enabling them to pass through narrow capillary vessels. Magnification: x2100 when printed at 10 centimetres wide.

Until the 1940s, blood transfusions often went wrong because some of the main blood-group systems, such as the Rhesus factor, had yet to be discovered. This hit or miss approach to matching donors with recipients is now a thing of the past, as tests for all sorts of characteristics of an individual’s blood have become available. But finding a well-matched donor can still be difficult. Some patients have blood types so rare that there may be but a handful of appropriate donors in the country where they live.

This article appeared in the Science & technology section of the print edition under the headline “Blood not so simple”

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