Science & technology | From the archives

A layman's guide to software

In 1985, The Economist explained how computer code works on Boolean algebra

COMPUTERS guide spaceships to the moon, run factories and help the lovelorn to find perfect mates. How? All that computer machinery can do is add, subtract and compare numbers: it is the programs that make computers clever. The jargon of the software industry often obscures the principles that lie behind computer programs. Here is a refresher course for the baffled.

More from Science & technology

Drainage canals (linear features that drain into a small meandering river) seen from above.

A sophisticated civilisation once flourished in the Amazon basin

How the Casarabe died out remains a mystery

Three rotated avocados made from small numbers

Heritable Agriculture, a Google spinout, is bringing AI to crop breeding

By reducing the cost of breeding, the firm hopes to improve yields and other properties for an array of important crops


Boom Supersonic makes aviation history as XB-1 breaks the sound barrier.

Could supersonic air travel make a comeback?

Boom Supersonic’s demonstrator jet exceeds Mach 1


Should you worry about microplastics?

Little is known about the effects on humans—but limiting exposure to them seems prudent

Wasps stole genes from viruses

That probably assisted their evolutionary diversification

America’s departure from the WHO would harm everyone

Whether it is a negotiating ploy remains to be seen