Essay | Financial crises

The slumps that shaped modern finance

Finance is not merely prone to crises, it is shaped by them. Five historical crises show how aspects of today’s financial system originated—and offer lessons for today’s regulators

WHAT is mankind’s greatest invention? Ask people this question and they are likely to pick familiar technologies such as printing or electricity. They are unlikely to suggest an innovation that is just as significant: the financial contract. Widely disliked and often considered grubby, it has nonetheless played an indispensable role in human development for at least 7,000 years.

This article appeared in the Essay section of the print edition under the headline “The slumps that shaped modern finance”

A history of finance in five crises

From the April 12th 2014 edition

Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents

Explore the edition

Discover more

A regular man looks as a devil through a red lens, symbolizing a specific political perspective.

When politics is about hating the other side, democracy suffers

Our study of worldwide data shows where negative partisanship is on the rise, and why

Illustration with concentric circles transitioning from yellow in the center to red at the edges.

Solar power is going to be huge

An energy source that gets cheaper and cheaper is a wonderful thing


How AI could change computing, culture and the course of history

Expect changes in the way people access knowledge, relate to knowledge and think about themselves


The Alaskan wilderness reveals the past and the future

The oil flows more slowly, the climate changes more quickly

How a free and open Hong Kong became a police state

It was a long time in the planning